To assesse the iron and silicon effects on the yield and physiological characteristics of green pea, Wando cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 gr per l-1) and silicon (0, 14 and 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as fresh and dry weight of grain, the number of grain per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Si in leaf and grain were measured. Results showed that the interaction of Fe and Si was significant at p<0.01 on grain fresh and dry wigeht, concentratin of leaf and grain Fe, leaf Mn, leaf and grain Zn and leaf Si and the application of Fe and Si was significant separately, on other traits such as number of grain per pod, concentration of leaf and grain Cu, Mn and Si in grain.  The Mean squares showed that the application of Fe and Si significantly increased fresh and dry grain weight and Si laef concetration and decreased the concentratin of leaf and grain Fe and Mn as well as grain Mn.  The enhancement of Fe and Si application separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu and zinc leaf and grains, but the Si concentration of leaf and grain were increased by Si application. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased in leaf and grain because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity and the application of 0.1 g/l and 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

Acer velutinum Boiss. (Persian or velvet maple) is one of the industrial and important species of Hyrcanian (Caspian) forests with wide distribution. This species is rarely seen in the forests of other parts of the world and has only been reported from the forests of the Caucasus. Therefore the information about this species is very limited. This research aims to investigate  the response of A. velutinum seedlings to drought stress as one of the consequences of climate change. Seedlings of velvet maple were analyzed in terms of height, basal diameter, leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), biomass, photosynthesis pigments, relative water content RWC), free proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and peroxidase(POD) activities to drought stress. One year old of Potted plants were exposed to four water supply regimes (100, 75, 50, and 25% field capacity (FC); performed as a control, mild, moderate, and severe water stress. The results showed that drought reduced all aspects of growth in the velvet maple. It negatively affected on growth and reduced plant height, stem diameter, biomass, and leaf area, but SLA significantly increased under moderate treatment. Drought stress reduced chlorophyll content, however, no significant difference was found for carotenoids. RWC reduced significantly just under severe drought stress. Proline and MDA content increased significantly when plants were exposed to moderate and severe drought stress. Drought stress induced POD and SOD activity under drought treatments, although the highest activities were measured under mild and moderate treatments. Our data demonstrate that A. velutinum seedlings have relative drought resistance. They used drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms through changes in morpho-physiological characteristics. The results of this research briefly showed the mechanisms of drought tolerance in A. velutinum and will provide essential information for more research in the future.

Extended Abstract Background: Oxidative stress is one of the major growth-limiting factors that occurs due to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can lead to tissue damage in vital organs such as the liver and intestine. Due to their antibacterial and antioxidant properties, silver nanoparticles have been proposed as a novel solution for improving animal health and performance. Nanosilver toxicity is closely related to its biotransformation in biological systems, which includes surface oxidation of nanoparticles, release of silver ions, and interaction with biological macromolecules. The use of organic acids as feed additives in poultry nutrition can reduce the need for antibiotics. These effects are mainly due to the antibacterial properties and improved digestive function of these compounds. By reducing the growth of pathogenic bacteria and improving general health, the use of organic acid supplements can be a suitable alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. On the other hand, silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite have high potential in various biological and environmental applications due to the combination of the unique properties of silver nanoparticles and the porous structure of zeolite. Recently, it has been proposed that silver nanoparticles could act as one of the factors inducing oxidative stress and affect the expression of oxidative genes. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles coated on zeolite and organic acid on the expression of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase genes in the liver and intestine of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 450 one-day-old Cobb chicks were divided into five groups subdivided into six replicates, each with 15 chicks, and were kept for 42 days in the same rearing conditions in the form of a completely random design. Experimental diets were 1) a control or basal diet, 2) a basal diet supplemented by 1% clinoptilolite, 3) a basal diet supplemented by 1% clinoptilolite coated with 0. 5% nanosilver, a 4) basal diet supplemented by 0. 15% organic acid, and 5) a basal diet supplemented by 1% clinoptilolite coated with 0. 5% nanosilver and 0. 15% organic acid. Silver nanoparticles coated on clinoptilolite were investigated using XRF and FTIR techniques. On day 42, liver and intestine samples were obtained to examine gene expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT). For the start (1-21 days of age) and growth (22-42 days of age), diets were adjusted using UFFDA software, and nutritional requirements were prepared according to the recommendations of the Cobb 500 strain maintenance guide. Three biological replicates and three technical replicates were randomly selected on the 42nd day of the breeding period, and samples were taken from the liver and small intestine (duodenum) to investigate the expression of SOD, GPX, and CAT genes. Data were analyzed using SAS software in a completely randomized design, and means were compared using the Tukey-Kramer test at a probability level of 0. 05. Results: In general, the data of this research on the 42nd day indicated a decreasing effect of experimental treatments, especially nanoparticles, on the relative expression of the tested genes in the liver tissue. A decreasing effect of the experimental treatments was observed on the SOD gene expression, and no significant difference was observed between Z and OA treatments and the control treatment. Moreover, the relative expression of the GPX gene in all experimental treatments was lower than in the control treatment. OA and NSOA treatments showed a significant difference from the control treatment. NS and NSOA treatments showed a significant difference in the relative expression of the CAT gene with the control treatment (P < 0. 05), with the lowest relative expression level belonging to the NS treatment. On the 42nd day of the breeding period, silver nanoparticle treatment increased the relative expression of SOD and GPX genes in the intestinal tissue, and the zeolite treatment and organic acid had a decreasing effect on the expression of all three studied genes (P < 0. 05). The relative expression level of the SOD gene in the intestinal tissue showed that all experimental treatments were significantly different from the control treatment (P < 0. 05). NSOA and NS treatments showed higher expression, and lower expression occurred in Z and OA treatments than in the control treatment, and the lowest expression level belonged to the Z treatment. There was a significant difference between NS, OA, and Z treatments with the control treatment in the relative expression of the GPX gene in the intestinal tissue (P < 0. 05). The NS treatment showed higher expression, and OA and Z treatments showed lower expression than the control treatment. In accordance with the relative expression of the CAT gene, Z and OA treatments showed a significant difference from the control treatment. Treatment Z presented the lowest relative expression of the CAT gene among all treatments. No significant difference was observed between NSOA and NS treatments and the control treatment. Conclusion: The treatments containing silver nanoparticles and zeolite showed the greatest effect on the expression of SOD, GPX, and CAT genes, while the organic acid treatment decreased the relative expression of the mentioned genes. On the other hand, the genes involved in oxidative stress were more affected by experimental treatments with increasing the breeding period. The effect of silver nanoparticles on the genes of the oxidative system is highly dependent on the conditions of use. The appropriate concentration of these nanoparticles can serve as an effective strategy in strengthening the body's antioxidant system, but their improper use may have adverse effects. For the safe and effective use of these compounds, further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage and their long-term effects.

Background and Aim: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that affects patients with many sensory, motor, and cognitive symptoms. This study aims to evaluate memory function and histopathology and measure the oxidative stress level in the hippocampus of the MS model in mice. Methods: Mice were divided into two groups that received a normal diet (control) and one that received a diet containing 0.2% cuprizone (cuprizone) for six weeks. After measuring the animal's weight and behavioral memory test, the hippocampus was evaluated in terms of histopathology and biochemical markers to measure the level of oxidative stress parameters. Results: The weight gain of mice after 6 weeks of the cuprizone diet was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Although behavioral evaluations performed with the Y maze test did not have significant differences between the two groups, the hippocampus in the cuprizone group revealed obvious demyelination. Measuring the parameters related to the level of oxidative stress showed that the amount of lipid peroxidation in the cuprizone group increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the reduced glutathione and catalase activity levels in the cuprizone group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The induction of acute demyelination with cuprizone, probably through the creation of oxidative stress in the hippocampus, was able to lead to demyelination in the tissue of this region, while it had no significant effect on the memory performance of the animals.